Abacus - From the Past to the Future

The abacus, also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool of unknown origin used since ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, millennia before the adoption of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system.

Any particular abacus design supports multiple methods to perform calculations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square and cube roots. The beads are first arranged to represent a number, then are manipulated to perform a mathematical operation with another number, and their final position can be read as the result (or can be used as the starting number for subsequent operations).

I used 827 parts to complete these five abacus, but I can't use 827 words to tell you the history of the abacus. How long the history of the abacus is! The history of the abacus is almost as old as the numerical calculation. It's so simple but great. It should rightly be celebrated the achievements of human mathematics and technology!